Ang Bagong Tipan (New Testament) ay nahahati sa limang parte: Ang Gosples, historiya nito, epistles ni Paul, General Epistles, at ang Apolcalyptic Literature. Kung gusto nyo makita kung sino ang sumulat ng anong libro ng NT, makikita nyo po ito sa ating website.
- A. Gospels (Mark, Luke, Matthew, John)
- B. History (Luke)
- C. Pauline Epistles (Paul)
- D. General Epistles (James, Peter, John, Jude)
- E. Apocalyptic Literature (John)
A. Gospels (Mark, Luke, Matthew, John)
1. Gospel of Matthew (50-65 AD):
- Author: Traditionally attributed to Matthew, a tax collector and one of Jesus' apostles.
2. Gospel of Mark (55-65 AD):
- Author: Traditionally attributed to John Mark, a companion of Peter.
3. Gospel of Luke (58-65 AD):
- Author: Traditionally attributed to Luke, a physician and companion of Paul. He also authored the Acts of the Apostles
4. Gospel of John (80-95 AD):
- Author: Traditionally attributed to John, the "beloved disciple" of Jesus. This Gospel is distinct in style and content from the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke)
B. History (Luke)
5. Acts of the Apostles (62-70 AD):
- Author: Traditionally attributed to Luke.
C. Pauline Epistles (Paul)
6. Romans (56-57 AD):
- Author: Paul
7. 1 Corinthians (54-55 AD):
- Author: Paul
8. 2 Corinthians (55-56 AD) :
- Author: Paul
9. Galatians (48-55 AD):
- Author: Paul
10. Ephesians (60-62 AD):
- Author: Paul (disputed)
11. **Philippians (60-62 AD) :
- Author: Paul
12. **Colossians (60-62 AD):
- Author: Paul (disputed)
13. **1 Thessalonians (50-51 AD) :
- Author: Paul
14. **2 Thessalonians (50-51 AD):
- Author: Paul (disputed)
15. **1 Timothy (62-64 AD) :
- Author: Paul (disputed)
16. **2 Timothy (62-64 AD):
- Author: Paul (disputed)
17. **Titus (62-64 AD):
- Author: Paul (disputed)
18. **Philemon (60-62 AD):
- Author: Paul
D. General Epistles (James, Peter, John, Jude)
19. **Hebrews (60-70 AD):
- Author: Unknown (traditionally attributed to Paul, but disputed)
20. **James (45-62 AD):
- Author: James, the brother of Jesus
21. **1 Peter (60-65 AD):
- Author: Peter
22. **2 Peter (65-68 AD):
- Author: Peter (disputed)
23. **1 John (85-95 AD):
- Author: John, the "beloved disciple"
24. **2 John (85-95 AD):
- Author: John, the "beloved disciple"
25. **3 John (85-95 AD):
- Author: John, the "beloved disciple"
26. **Jude (60-80 AD):
- Author: Jude, the brother of James
E. Apocalyptic Literature (John)
27. Revelation (95-96 AD):
- Author: John, the "beloved disciple"
Ang mga petsa at atribusyon na ito ay batay sa tradisyonal na pananaw at pinagkaisahan ng mga iskolar, bagaman ang ilang mga detalye ay patuloy na pinagtatalunan ng mga iskolar.
Ang pag-akda ng Bagong Tipan ay naging paksa ng debate ng mga iskolar sa loob ng maraming taon. Tradisyonal na pinaniniwalaan na ang mga apostol, o ang kanilang malalapit na kasama, ang sumulat ng mga aklat ng Bagong Tipan. Gayunpaman, walang tiyak na patunay na ang mga apostol mismo ang sumulat ng mga tekstong ito, dahil hindi natin maaaring "patunayan" ang pag-akda ng anumang sinaunang literatura nang walang anumang pagdududa.
Ang ilang mga iskolar ay nagsasabi na ang ilang mga apostol, tulad nina Pedro, Juan, at Santiago (ang kapatid ni Jesus), ay malamang na mga tunay na makasaysayang tao. Gayunpaman, ang makasaysayang ebidensya para sa pag-iral ng lahat ng mga apostol ay halo-halo, na may ilang mga pangalan na posibleng pinaghalong katotohanan at kathang-isip.
Ang mga Ebanghelyo at ang Mga Gawa ng mga Apostol ay itinuturing na pangunahing mga mapagkukunan para sa buhay at mga turo ni Jesus at ng maagang kilusang Kristiyano. Ang mga tekstong ito ay sinusuri nang kritikal ng mga historyador upang maibukod ang maaasahang impormasyon mula sa mga posibleng imbensyon o pagbabago.
Narito ang ilang karaniwang mga kontra-argumento tungkol sa pag-akda ng apat na Ebanghelyo (Mateo, Marcos, Lucas, at Juan) sa Bagong Tipan:
1. Gospel of Matthew
**Traditional View**: Written by Matthew, a tax collector and one of Jesus' apostles.
**Counterarguments**:
- **Anonymity**: The earliest manuscripts do not name an author¹.
- **Dependence on Mark**: Scholars note that Matthew's Gospel heavily relies on the Gospel of Mark, which raises questions about why an eyewitness would need to use another source².
- **Date of Writing**: Some argue it was written after 70 CE, which would make it unlikely to be authored by an eyewitness³.
2. Gospel of Mark
**Traditional View**: Written by John Mark, a companion of Peter.
**Counterarguments**:
- **Lack of Eyewitness Detail**: Critics argue that the Gospel lacks the detailed eyewitness accounts one would expect from someone close to Peter.
- **Anonymity**: Like Matthew, the earliest manuscripts do not attribute the text to Mark¹.
- **Theological Development**: Some scholars suggest that the theological themes in Mark indicate a later development, not consistent with an early eyewitness account².
3. Gospel of Luke
**Traditional View**: Written by Luke, a healer and companion of Paul.
**Counterarguments**:
- **Historical Inaccuracies**: Critics point to historical and geographical inaccuracies that would be unlikely if written by a well-informed companion of Paul.
- **Literary Dependence**: Luke's reliance on Mark and other sources raises questions about his direct knowledge of events².
- **Anonymity**: The Gospel itself does not claim Luke as the author¹.
4. Gospel of John
**Traditional View**: Written by John, the "beloved disciple" of Jesus.
**Counterarguments**:
- **Different Style and Content**: The Gospel of John is significantly different in style and content from the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke), leading some to question its apostolic authorship.
- **Late Date**: Many scholars date it to the late first century, which could be too late for John to have written it³.
- **Theological Sophistication**: The advanced theological concepts suggest a later development, possibly by a community rather than a single author².
These counterarguments are part of ongoing scholarly debates and reflect the complexities of studying ancient texts.
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The Q source hypothesis is a fascinating theory in biblical scholarship that seeks to explain the similarities between the Gospels of Matthew and Luke that are not found in the Gospel of Mark. Here's a detailed overview:
### What is the Q Source?
The "Q" in Q source stands for "Quelle," the German word for "source." The hypothesis suggests that Matthew and Luke used two main sources when composing their Gospels:
1. **The Gospel of Mark**: This is widely accepted as the earliest Gospel.
2. **The Q Source**: A hypothetical written collection of Jesus' sayings and teachings.
### Why the Q Source Hypothesis?
The hypothesis was developed to address the **Synoptic Problem**, which is the question of how to account for the similarities and differences among the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke). Scholars noticed that Matthew and Luke share about 235 verses that are not found in Mark¹. These shared verses often contain sayings of Jesus, leading scholars to propose the existence of a common source.
### Key Points of the Q Source Hypothesis
1. **Independence**: Matthew and Luke were written independently of each other but both used Mark and Q as sources.
2. **Content**: The Q source is believed to have been a collection of Jesus' sayings, possibly written in Greek.
3. **No Physical Evidence**: No physical manuscript of Q has ever been found. Its existence is inferred from the textual analysis of the Gospels².
4. **Theological Implications**: The hypothesis suggests that early Christian communities had access to various sources of Jesus' teachings, which were later compiled into the Gospels.
### Support and Criticism
- **Support**: Many scholars support the Q source hypothesis because it provides a plausible explanation for the shared material in Matthew and Luke that is absent in Mark³.
- **Criticism**: Some scholars argue against the hypothesis, suggesting that the shared material could be due to oral traditions or that one Gospel writer had access to the other's work⁴.
### Conclusion
While the Q source remains hypothetical, it plays a crucial role in understanding the composition of the Synoptic Gospels and the transmission of Jesus' teachings. The debate over its existence continues to be a vibrant area of scholarly research.
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Sa Synoptic Gospels, Mark, Matthew at Luke, (ang mga kinopya halos verbatim) ay halata sa lahat ng mga pangunahing iskolar ng Bibliya na ang pangunahing kuwento ay nagmula kay Marcos, na unang isinulat, na ang bawat sumunod na ulat ng ebanghelyo ay lumalaki sa laki at kumplikado sa kanilang mga paglalarawan ng katangian at pagka-Diyos ni Jesus. Gayunpaman, ang karamihan sa Marcos ay hiniram mula sa Mga Awit, lalo na sa Mga Awit 22. Parehong sina Mateo at Lucas ay muling ginawa ang karamihan sa isinulat ni Mark na verbatim. Ngunit kung saan may mga divergence, napakaraming kontradiksyon. Ang walumpung porsyento ng Marcos ay muling ginawa halos salita-sa-salita sa Mateo at animnapu't limang porsyento sa Lucas. Ang karagdagang 10% ng Marcos ay muling ginawa sa Mateo ngunit hindi sa Lucas, at isang karagdagang 1% ng Marcos ay nasa Lucas, ngunit hindi sa Mateo.
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Itinuturing ng mga iskolar na ang Marcos 16:9-20 ay isang karagdagang karagdagan dahil ang pinakauna at pinaka-maaasahang mga manuskrito ng Ebanghelyo ni Marcos, tulad ng Codex Sinaiticus at Vaticanus, ay hindi naglalaman ng mga talatang ito; ibig sabihin ay malamang na idinagdag ang mga ito nang maglaon nang ang mga kopya ng Ebanghelyo ay ipinakalat at nadama ng ilan na ang kuwento ay nangangailangan ng mas kumpletong wakas sa pagpapakita ni Jesus sa mga disipulo pagkatapos ng muling pagkabuhay, na nakadetalye sa mga talata 9-20.
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